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Humans May Need More Sleep in Cold Weather

題材：生活類

出處：The Guardian《衛報》

字數：612 words

[1] Whether we’re night owls or morning larks, our body clocks are set by the sun. Theoretically, changing day length and light exposure over the course of the year could affect the duration and quality of our sleep. But figuring out how this applies in practice is difficult. Although studies where people assess their own sleep have suggested an increase in sleep duration during winter, objective measures are needed to determine how exactly the seasons affect sleep.

【不管是夜貓子還是百靈鳥，我們的生物鐘都是由太陽設定的。從理論上來說，一年中白晝長度和光照變化會影響我們睡眠的時長和質量。不過要弄清楚這些事情在實際中是如何發生的還有些困難。盡管自我睡眠評估的研究表明，冬季的睡眠時間會增加，但要明確季節究竟如何影響睡眠還需要客觀的測量?！?/p>

【重點詞匯】

theoretically /?θi???r?t?kl?/ adv. 從理論上說

duration /dju?re??n/ n. 持續期間

assess /??ses/ v. 評估，評定

[2] Scientists studying sleep difficulties have now published data in Frontiers in Neuroscience that shows that, even in an urban population experiencing disrupted sleep, humans experience longer REM sleep in winter than summer and less deep sleep in autumn.

【研究睡眠困難的科學家日前在《神經科學前沿》雜志上發布了數據，該數據表明即使在睡眠受到干擾的城市人口中，人們在冬天的快速眼動睡眠時間也要比夏天長，而在秋天的深度睡眠時間較少?！?/p>

【重點詞匯】

disrupt /d?s?r?pt/ v. 擾亂;打亂

REM sleep：快動眼睡眠，也叫異相睡眠。它是睡眠質量中的一個環節。REM睡眠中，睡眠者的眼球有快速跳動的現象，呼吸和心跳變得不規則，肌肉完全癱瘓，并且很難被外界喚醒。一般情況下，保持適度的REM睡眠對身體是有一定的好處的。過多會引起頭暈頭痛等;過少則會導致睡眠不足，睡眠質量不好等。

【長難句分析】

Scientists studying sleep difficulties have now published data in Frontiers in Neuroscience that shows that, even in an urban population experiencing disrupted sleep, humans experience longer REM sleep in winter than summer and less deep sleep in autumn.

主句：Scientists studying sleep difficulties have now published data in Frontiers in Neuroscience;其中studying sleep difficulties是現在分詞短語做后置定語修飾scientists;

定語從句：(data) shows that…;先行詞是data;

賓語從句：that even in an urban population experiencing disrupted sleep, humans experience longer REM in winter than summer and less deep sleep in autumn;其中，experiencing disrupted sleep是現在分詞短語做后置定語修飾population。

[3] “Possibly one of the most precious achievements in human evolution is an almost invisibility of seasonality on the behavioral level,” said Dr. Dieter Kunz, corresponding author of the study, based at the Clinic of Sleep & Chronomedicine at the St Hedwig Hospital, Berlin.

【該研究的通訊作者、柏林圣海德薇格醫院睡眠與時間醫學診所的研究員迪特爾·昆茨博士(Dr. Dieter Kunz)指出：“人類進化中最珍貴的成就之一可能是在行為層面上幾乎看不到季節性(變化)”?！?/p>

【重點詞匯】

evolution /?i?v??lu??n/ n. 進化

invisibility /?n?v?z??b?l?ti/ n. 不可見性

seasonality /?si?z??n?l?ti/ n. 季節性

corresponding author 通訊作者

[4] “In our study we show that human sleep architecture varies substantially across seasons in an adult population living in an urban environment.”

【通過研究，我們發現生活在城市中的成年人的睡眠結構在不同的季節有很大的變化。】

【重點詞匯】

substantially /s?b?st?n??li/ adv. 非常;大大地

[5] Studying sleep

A team of scientists led by Ms. Aileen Seidler in Dr. Kunz’s working group at the Charité Medical University of Berlin recruited 292 patients that had undergone sleep studies called polysomnographies at the St Hedwig Hospital.

【柏林夏里特醫科大學(Charité Medical University of Berlin)昆茨博士工作組成員艾琳·塞德勒(Aileen Seidler)女士領導的一支科學家團隊招募了292名在圣海德威格醫院(St Hedwig Hospital)接受多導睡眠描記法研究的患者。】

【重點詞匯】

recruit /r??kru?t/ v. 吸收(新成員);招募(新兵)n. 新警員

undergo /??nd??ɡ??/ v. 經歷，經受(變化、不快的事等)

polysomnography：多導睡眠描記法(PSG)，可以監測睡眠時間、睡眠效率、清醒以及各種身體功能包括大腦活動(通過 EEG 監測)、眼動(EOG)、肌肉運動(EMG)、心率(ECG)等。

[6] These studies are regularly carried out on patients who experience sleep-related difficulties, using a special laboratory where patients are asked to sleep naturally without an alarm clock, and the quality and type of sleep can be monitored as well as the length of sleep.

【這些研究會定期在有睡眠障礙的患者身上進行。在一個特殊的實驗室里，研究者要求患者在沒有鬧鐘的情況下自然入睡，以便檢測睡眠質量、類型和時間。】

【重點詞匯】

monitor /?m?n?t?(r)/ v. 監視;檢查;跟蹤 n. 顯示器;班長

[7] Although the sleep disorders could potentially affect the results, this makes for a large study group evenly spread throughout the year, allowing for the investigation of month-to-month differences.

【盡管睡眠障礙可能會影響結果，但這使得研究小組成員在一年中均勻分布，從而能夠對月度差異進行調查?！?/p>

【重點詞匯】

disorder /d?s???d?(r)/ n. 雜亂;混亂

potentially /p??ten??li/ adv. 可能地;潛在地

evenly /?i?vnli/ adv. 平均地;有規律地

[8] The team excluded patients who were taking medications known to affect sleep, technical failures during the polysomnography, and REM sleep latency longer than 120 minutes, which suggested that the first REM sleep episode had been skipped. Once these exclusions had been made, 188 patients remained. Most of their diagnoses showed no seasonal pattern, but insomnia was more commonly diagnosed towards the end of the year.

【研究小組排除了服用已知會影響睡眠的藥物、多導睡眠描記法中出現技術故障以及快速眼動睡眠潛伏期超過120分鐘的患者，這表明第一次快速眼動睡眠被跳過了。將有這些情況的患者排除后，還剩下188人。雖然從他們大多數人的診斷中看不出季節性變化，但是可以看出年底失眠的情況更常見?！?/p>

【重點詞匯】

exclude /?k?sklu?d/ v. 不包括;不放在考慮之列

latency /?le?t?nsi/ n. 延遲;潛伏期

episode /?ep?s??d/ n. 事件;經歷

skip /sk?p/ v. 蹦蹦跳跳地走;不做，逃避

diagnose /?da??ɡn??z/ v. 診斷(疾病)

[9] Winter sees more REM sleep

Even though the patients were based in an urban environment with low natural light exposure and high light pollution, which should affect any seasonality regulated by light, the scientists found subtle but striking changes across the seasons. Although total sleep time appeared to be about an hour longer in the winter than the summer, this result was not statistically significant.

【盡管患者生活在自然光照較少、光污染嚴重的城市環境中，這應該會影響受光控制的任何季節性變化，但科學家們發現了季節之間微妙而又顯著的變化。盡管冬季的總睡眠時間似乎比夏季長了大約一個小時，但這一結果并沒有統計學意義?！?/p>

【重點詞匯】

regulate /?reɡjule?t/ v. 約束;控制;管理

subtle /?s?tl/ adj. 不易察覺的;微妙的

striking /?stra?k??/ adj. 引人注目的;顯著的

statistically /st??t?st?kli/ adv. 統計學上

[10] However, REM sleep was 30 minutes longer in the winter than in summer. REM sleep is known to be directly linked to the circadian clock, which is affected by changing light. Although the team acknowledged that these results would need to be validated in a population which experiences no sleep difficulties, the seasonal changes may be even greater in a healthy population.

【然而，冬季的快速眼動睡眠比夏季長30分鐘。眾所周知，快速眼動睡眠直接與生物鐘相關，而生物鐘會受到光線變化的影響。盡管研究小組承認這些結果需要在沒有睡眠困難的人群中去驗證，但在健康人群中，季節性變化可能會更大?！?/p>

【重點詞匯】

circadian /s???ke?di?n/ adj. 晝夜節律的;生理節奏的

validate /?v?l?de?t/ v. 證實;確認;使生效

[11] “This study needs to be replicated in a large cohort of healthy subjects,” cautioned Kunz.

【昆茨提醒道：“這些研究需要在大批健康受試者身上重復進行”。】

【重點詞匯】

replicate /?repl?ke?t/ v. 復制; 重做(試驗、工作或研究)

[12] Although most people’s waking time is currently largely out of their control, due to school or work schedules, society might benefit from accommodations which would allow humans to respond more effectively to the changing seasons. In the meantime, going to sleep earlier in the winter might help accommodate human seasonality.

【盡管大多數人的起床時間受學?；蛘吖ぷ鞯挠绊?，但讓人們更有效地應對季節變化的調整，于社會而言可能是有益的。與此同時，在冬天早睡可能有助于適應人類的季節性變化?！?/p>

【重點詞匯】

accommodation /??k?m??de??n/ n. 住處;住宿

respond /r??sp?nd/ v. 回答;回應 (respond to…)

[13] “Seasonality is ubiquitous in any living being on this planet,” said Kunz.

【昆茨指出：“季節性在這個星球上的任何生物身上都是無處不在的”?！?/p>

【重點詞匯】

ubiquitous /ju??b?kw?t?s/ adj. 無所不在的

[14] “Even though we still perform unchanged, over the winter human physiology is down-regulated, with a sensation of ‘running-on-empty’ in February or March. In general, societies need to adjust sleep habits including length and timing to season, or adjust school and working schedules to seasonal sleep needs.”

【“盡管我們沒有表現出季節性變化，但在冬季，人體生理機能會下降，在2月或3月有一種‘被掏空’的感覺?？偟膩碚f，社會需要根據季節調整睡眠習慣，包括睡眠時長和時間，或者根據季節睡眠需求調整學習和工作時間?！薄?/p>

【重點詞匯】

physiology /?f?zi??l?d?i/ n. 生理學

sensation /sen?se??n/ n. 感覺;知覺

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