Part III Cloze (10%)

Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.

This year the world awakened to the fact that the most powerful and sophisticated species on earth is tragically（51）to the tiniest and most basic of creatures.Infectious disease specialists（52）about this for decade.

And the threat comes not only from novel viruses,（53）the one causing COVID-19, that jump from animals to humans but also from microbial monsters that we have helped to create through our（54）use of antibiotics: treatment-resistant bacteria such as MRSA (miethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, sometimes dubbed “Iraqibacter” because so many soldiers returning from Iraq were infected with it.The World Health Organization has（55）that deaths from resistant “superbugs” will rise from roughly 700,000 a year today to nearly 10 million by 2050.

But in a splendid irony, it may turn out that viruses, so often seen as nemeses,（56）be our saviors in fighting a host of killer infections.

（57） the threat from drug-resistant bacteria has grown and the development or new antibiotics has stalled, researchers have turned their attention to bacteriophages—（58）, bacteria eaters.

Viruses in this（59）are believed to be the oldest and most numerous organisms on earth.And like guided missiles, each type has（60）to seek and destroy a specific type of bacteria.Phage therapy has long been used in eastern Europe to battle infections, but after modern antibiotics arrived in the 1940s, it was largely ignored.Interest began to pick up in this century “because the resistance issue was getting worse and worse,” says Vincent Fischetti, who heads the laboratory of bacterial pathogenesis and immunology at the Rockefeller University.With modern techniques, virologists can precisely match just the right phages to a specific strain of superbug—with sometimes astonishing results.

51.A.exposed B.vulnerable C.subjected D.contradictable

52.A.warned B.have warned C.have been warning D.warn

53.A.for example B.for instance C.such as D.a case in point

54.A.unrestrained B.restrained C.permitted D.unpermitted

55.A.assisted B.predicted C.described D.prescribed

56.A.could B.would C.should D.must

57.A.When B.Although C.As D.As if

58.A.generally B.technically C.legally D.literally

59.A.system B.class C.lesson D.organization

60.A.revolved B.involved C.evolved D.convolved

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer, and then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.

Passage One

People often discuss the dangers of too much stress, but lately a very different view of stress is gaining popularity: this view of stress, held by members of the positive stress movement, argues that stress might actually be beneficial.The positive stress movement is made up of people such as Zachary Rapp who are looking for an edge in a competitive world, and Rapp’s routine is a good example of followers of the movement.He wakes up most mornings at dawn, goes for a run, sips black coffee while rippling through emails, and then steps into freezing cold shower.This is a routine designed to reduce the stress of running simultaneously three different health and biotechnology companies for 18 hours a day.

Although Rapp’s practices may sound extreme, he is part of a growing movement, consisting largely of tech industry workers who claim that such radical tactics will help them live better and longer.Inspired by influential figures in different fields, including entertainers, athletes, entrepreneurs and scientists, positive stress practitioners seek out some combination of extreme temperatures, restrictive diets, punishing exercise routines and general discomfort.

Rapp argues that positive stress keeps him balanced.In addition to running and freezing showers, Rapp uses ice baths, hot yoga, and unconventional eating practices such as eliminating dairy, sugar, alcohol and various other foods high in carbohydrates.He believes that these practices, which put stress on his body, actually make him feel less stress from work.However, Rapp does not credit anyone in particular for his choices: he said he started using these methods in college, where he got into the habit of taking ice baths to recover from sports.He got back into it while trying to get his three companies off the ground.

Rapp works long hours and sleeps only five to seven hours a night but he said he only gets sick once a year.For him, the difference between day-to-day stress, like the kind we feel when moving apartments, and positive stress is that the latter involves pushing the body to extremes and forcing it to build up a tolerance.

But it is important to note that not everyone agrees with these practitioners; indeed, some medical professionals argue that positive stress is not for everyone, and that it might even be dangerous for people who are unhealthy or older.

61.What do we learn about followers of the positive stress movement?

A.They are usually quite sensitive to different types of stress.

B.They hold a different view on stress from the popular one.

C.They derive much pleasure from living a very hectic life.

D.They gain a competitive edge by enjoying good health.

62.What do followers of the positive stress movement usually do to put their ideas into practice?

A.They keep changing their living habits.

B.They network with influential figures.

C.They seek jobs in tech industries.

D.They apply extreme tactics.

63.What does Rapp say about his unconventional practices?

A.They help him combat stress from work.

B.They enable him to cut down living expenses.

C.They enable him to recover from injuries and illness.

D.They help him get three companies listed all at once.

64.What can be inferred from the passage about day-to-day stress?

A.It is harmful to one’s physical and mental health.

B.It does not differ in essence from positive stress.

C.It is something everybody has to live with.

D.It does not help build up one’s tolerance.

65.What do some medical professionals think of positive stress?

A.Its true effect remains to be verified.

B.Its side effect should not be ignored.

C.Its effect varies considerably from person to person.

D.Its practitioners should not take it as a form of therapy.

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