希賽網為考生們整理了2009年中共中央黨校考博英語閱讀題真題，供考生們備考復習。

For many countries worldwide, nationalism, as we have come to know today, has led to the formation of entities known as states. These have been bloody struggles, and due to their just nature, they have enabled certain ethnicities to file for self-determination.

Typology of nationalism, however, is quite diverse. In some cases, nationalist movements have been born recently, whereas in some others, such feelings of belonging have been there for a long time. In Kosovo, nationalism has always played a major role, and one can freely say it has been one of the top elements that have aided the Kosovar cause towards independence.

Under former Yugoslavia, Albanians have consistently been identified as pariahs, due to their ethnic difference from other constituent republics. This difference—Albanianism—has been successfully maintained throughout years, and has relentlessly triggered tension and feelings of anti-Albanian existence among the state runners of the then Yugoslav state. At the same time, it has been an ensuring factor to the Albanian population of Kosovo that one day; nationalism will serve their purpose for self-rule.

Ethnic nationalism has at all times been a distinctive feature of the Albanians inside the Yugoslav “state-pool”. The arguer claiming that Yugoslavia was a country where everyone lived peacefully and in harmony, is challenged to face up to my statement: this state, in the first place, was built on wrong premises.

Formation of a nation-state has a number of particularistic elements attached to it; and these more than often are commonalities of all the people living there. To begin with, all national groups that were part of Yugoslavia shared different histories. This was especially true for the Albanians. There was absolutely nothing that tied them together historically speaking with any other nationality, except for confrontation and tension. Then, language was another element, alongside with values and traditions. Albanian language and traditions are extremely different from languages and traditions of other ethnic groups which were part of Yugoslavia. Therefore, we are dealing here with various national identities, thus, Kosovo Albanians have always been a unique case.

Ethnic nationalism, for Kosovo Albanians, suggested that they were a nation which shared same values and one culture. These values and culture were not artificial. They were carried onto Albanians by their forerunners, and this is a strong element identifying a nation. In the same vein, they ensured for legitimacy by different international factors.

The behavior of Kosovo Albanians was characterized by a persistent effort to safeguard their national identity, as well as their long struggle for self-determination. Whilst the former was effectively preserved the latter required commitment and sacrifices. Kosovo Albanians were not after self-rule under Yugoslavian regime, which was then coined autonomy. They were after full independence/statehood where no other state would interfere in internal and foreign affairs. Since national identity never posed a problem for Kosovo Albanians in terms of defense from external factors, their nationalist movement was shifted and took the form of a state-centric nationalism.

1.From this passage, we can infer that ( ).

A、 nationalism has been around for as long as states

B、 the nationalist movement is born out of the state

C、 nationalism is a tool that ethnicities use for self-determination

D、 nationalism has given rise to the fight for self-determination

2.The last sentence in paragraph 2 is used to ( )the main point of the paragraph.

A、 support

B、 refute

C、 revise

D、 circumvent

3.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that nationalism served as ( ).

A、 the difference between the Albanians and other ethnic groups

B、 the protection against tension between the Albanians and other ethnic groups

C、 the source of energy in the Albanians’ political struggle

D、 a political tool employed by the state runners of the then Yugoslav state

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